Convert -431 291 956 to a Signed Binary in Two's (2's) Complement Representation

How to convert decimal number -431 291 956(10) to a signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation

What are the steps to convert decimal number
-431 291 956 to a signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation?

  • A signed integer, written in base ten, or a decimal system number, is a number written using the digits 0 through 9 and the sign, which can be positive (+) or negative (-). If positive, the sign is usually not written. A number written in base two, or binary, is a number written using only the digits 0 and 1.

1. Start with the positive version of the number:

|-431 291 956| = 431 291 956

2. Divide the number repeatedly by 2:

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 431 291 956 ÷ 2 = 215 645 978 + 0;
  • 215 645 978 ÷ 2 = 107 822 989 + 0;
  • 107 822 989 ÷ 2 = 53 911 494 + 1;
  • 53 911 494 ÷ 2 = 26 955 747 + 0;
  • 26 955 747 ÷ 2 = 13 477 873 + 1;
  • 13 477 873 ÷ 2 = 6 738 936 + 1;
  • 6 738 936 ÷ 2 = 3 369 468 + 0;
  • 3 369 468 ÷ 2 = 1 684 734 + 0;
  • 1 684 734 ÷ 2 = 842 367 + 0;
  • 842 367 ÷ 2 = 421 183 + 1;
  • 421 183 ÷ 2 = 210 591 + 1;
  • 210 591 ÷ 2 = 105 295 + 1;
  • 105 295 ÷ 2 = 52 647 + 1;
  • 52 647 ÷ 2 = 26 323 + 1;
  • 26 323 ÷ 2 = 13 161 + 1;
  • 13 161 ÷ 2 = 6 580 + 1;
  • 6 580 ÷ 2 = 3 290 + 0;
  • 3 290 ÷ 2 = 1 645 + 0;
  • 1 645 ÷ 2 = 822 + 1;
  • 822 ÷ 2 = 411 + 0;
  • 411 ÷ 2 = 205 + 1;
  • 205 ÷ 2 = 102 + 1;
  • 102 ÷ 2 = 51 + 0;
  • 51 ÷ 2 = 25 + 1;
  • 25 ÷ 2 = 12 + 1;
  • 12 ÷ 2 = 6 + 0;
  • 6 ÷ 2 = 3 + 0;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number:

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

431 291 956(10) = 1 1001 1011 0100 1111 1110 0011 0100(2)

4. Determine the signed binary number bit length:

  • The base 2 number's actual length, in bits: 29.

  • A signed binary's bit length must be equal to a power of 2, as of:
  • 21 = 2; 22 = 4; 23 = 8; 24 = 16; 25 = 32; 26 = 64; ...
  • The first bit (the leftmost) indicates the sign:
  • 0 = positive integer number, 1 = negative integer number

The least number that is:

1) a power of 2

2) and is larger than the actual length, 29,

3) so that the first bit (leftmost) could be zero
(we deal with a positive number at this moment)

=== is: 32.


5. Get the positive binary computer representation on 32 bits (4 Bytes):

If needed, add extra 0s in front (to the left) of the base 2 number, up to the required length, 32.


431 291 956(10) = 0001 1001 1011 0100 1111 1110 0011 0100

6. Get the negative integer number representation. Part 1:

  • To write the negative integer number on 32 bits (4 Bytes), as a signed binary in one's complement representation, replace all the bits on 0 with 1s and all the bits set on 1 with 0s.

Reverse the digits, flip the digits:

Replace the bits set on 0 with 1s and the bits set on 1 with 0s.

!(0001 1001 1011 0100 1111 1110 0011 0100)

= 1110 0110 0100 1011 0000 0001 1100 1011


7. Get the negative integer number representation. Part 2:

  • To write the negative integer number on 32 bits (4 Bytes), as a signed binary in two's complement representation, add 1 to the number calculated above 1110 0110 0100 1011 0000 0001 1100 1011 (to the signed binary in one's complement representation).

Binary addition carries on a value of 2:

  • 0 + 0 = 0
  • 0 + 1 = 1
  • 1 + 1 = 10
  • 1 + 10 = 11
  • 1 + 11 = 100

Add 1 to the number calculated above
(to the signed binary number in one's complement representation):

-431 291 956 =

1110 0110 0100 1011 0000 0001 1100 1011 + 1


Decimal Number -431 291 956(10) converted to signed binary in two's complement representation:

-431 291 956(10) = 1110 0110 0100 1011 0000 0001 1100 1100

Spaces were used to group digits: for binary, by 4, for decimal, by 3.

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How to convert signed integers from decimal system to signed binary in two's complement representation

Follow the steps below to convert a signed base 10 integer number to signed binary in two's complement representation:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with the positive version of the number.
  • 2. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is zero.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number, by taking all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Binary numbers represented in computer language must have 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ... bit length (a power of 2) - if needed, add extra bits on 0 in front (to the left) of the base 2 number above, up to the required length, so that the first bit (the leftmost) will be 0, correctly representing a positive number.
  • 5. To get the negative integer number representation in signed binary one's complement, replace all 0 bits with 1s and all 1 bits with 0s (reversing the digits).
  • 6. To get the negative integer number, in signed binary two's complement representation, add 1 to the number above.

Example: convert the negative number -60 from the decimal system (base ten) to signed binary in two's complement:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number: |-60| = 60
  • 2. Divide repeatedly 60 by 2, keeping track of each remainder:
    • division = quotient + remainder
    • 60 ÷ 2 = 30 + 0
    • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number, by taking all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:
    60(10) = 11 1100(2)
  • 4. Bit length of base 2 representation number is 6, so the positive binary computer representation of a signed binary will take in this particular case 8 bits (the least power of 2 larger than 6) - add extra 0 digits in front of the base 2 number, up to the required length:
    60(10) = 0011 1100(2)
  • 5. To get the negative integer number representation in signed binary one's complement, replace all the 0 bits with 1s and all 1 bits with 0s (reversing the digits):
    !(0011 1100) = 1100 0011
  • 6. To get the negative integer number, signed binary in two's complement representation, add 1 to the number above:
    -60(10) = 1100 0011 + 1 = 1100 0100
  • Number -60(10), signed integer, converted from decimal system (base 10) to signed binary two's complement representation = 1100 0100