Convert -322 401 621 to a Signed Binary in Two's (2's) Complement Representation

How to convert decimal number -322 401 621(10) to a signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation

What are the steps to convert decimal number
-322 401 621 to a signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation?

  • A signed integer, written in base ten, or a decimal system number, is a number written using the digits 0 through 9 and the sign, which can be positive (+) or negative (-). If positive, the sign is usually not written. A number written in base two, or binary, is a number written using only the digits 0 and 1.

1. Start with the positive version of the number:

|-322 401 621| = 322 401 621

2. Divide the number repeatedly by 2:

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 322 401 621 ÷ 2 = 161 200 810 + 1;
  • 161 200 810 ÷ 2 = 80 600 405 + 0;
  • 80 600 405 ÷ 2 = 40 300 202 + 1;
  • 40 300 202 ÷ 2 = 20 150 101 + 0;
  • 20 150 101 ÷ 2 = 10 075 050 + 1;
  • 10 075 050 ÷ 2 = 5 037 525 + 0;
  • 5 037 525 ÷ 2 = 2 518 762 + 1;
  • 2 518 762 ÷ 2 = 1 259 381 + 0;
  • 1 259 381 ÷ 2 = 629 690 + 1;
  • 629 690 ÷ 2 = 314 845 + 0;
  • 314 845 ÷ 2 = 157 422 + 1;
  • 157 422 ÷ 2 = 78 711 + 0;
  • 78 711 ÷ 2 = 39 355 + 1;
  • 39 355 ÷ 2 = 19 677 + 1;
  • 19 677 ÷ 2 = 9 838 + 1;
  • 9 838 ÷ 2 = 4 919 + 0;
  • 4 919 ÷ 2 = 2 459 + 1;
  • 2 459 ÷ 2 = 1 229 + 1;
  • 1 229 ÷ 2 = 614 + 1;
  • 614 ÷ 2 = 307 + 0;
  • 307 ÷ 2 = 153 + 1;
  • 153 ÷ 2 = 76 + 1;
  • 76 ÷ 2 = 38 + 0;
  • 38 ÷ 2 = 19 + 0;
  • 19 ÷ 2 = 9 + 1;
  • 9 ÷ 2 = 4 + 1;
  • 4 ÷ 2 = 2 + 0;
  • 2 ÷ 2 = 1 + 0;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number:

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

322 401 621(10) = 1 0011 0011 0111 0111 0101 0101 0101(2)

4. Determine the signed binary number bit length:

  • The base 2 number's actual length, in bits: 29.

  • A signed binary's bit length must be equal to a power of 2, as of:
  • 21 = 2; 22 = 4; 23 = 8; 24 = 16; 25 = 32; 26 = 64; ...
  • The first bit (the leftmost) indicates the sign:
  • 0 = positive integer number, 1 = negative integer number

The least number that is:

1) a power of 2

2) and is larger than the actual length, 29,

3) so that the first bit (leftmost) could be zero
(we deal with a positive number at this moment)

=== is: 32.


5. Get the positive binary computer representation on 32 bits (4 Bytes):

If needed, add extra 0s in front (to the left) of the base 2 number, up to the required length, 32.


322 401 621(10) = 0001 0011 0011 0111 0111 0101 0101 0101

6. Get the negative integer number representation. Part 1:

  • To write the negative integer number on 32 bits (4 Bytes), as a signed binary in one's complement representation, replace all the bits on 0 with 1s and all the bits set on 1 with 0s.

Reverse the digits, flip the digits:

Replace the bits set on 0 with 1s and the bits set on 1 with 0s.

!(0001 0011 0011 0111 0111 0101 0101 0101)

= 1110 1100 1100 1000 1000 1010 1010 1010


7. Get the negative integer number representation. Part 2:

  • To write the negative integer number on 32 bits (4 Bytes), as a signed binary in two's complement representation, add 1 to the number calculated above 1110 1100 1100 1000 1000 1010 1010 1010 (to the signed binary in one's complement representation).

Binary addition carries on a value of 2:

  • 0 + 0 = 0
  • 0 + 1 = 1
  • 1 + 1 = 10
  • 1 + 10 = 11
  • 1 + 11 = 100

Add 1 to the number calculated above
(to the signed binary number in one's complement representation):

-322 401 621 =

1110 1100 1100 1000 1000 1010 1010 1010 + 1


Decimal Number -322 401 621(10) converted to signed binary in two's complement representation:

-322 401 621(10) = 1110 1100 1100 1000 1000 1010 1010 1011

Spaces were used to group digits: for binary, by 4, for decimal, by 3.

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How to convert signed integers from decimal system to signed binary in two's complement representation

Follow the steps below to convert a signed base 10 integer number to signed binary in two's complement representation:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with the positive version of the number.
  • 2. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is zero.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number, by taking all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Binary numbers represented in computer language must have 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ... bit length (a power of 2) - if needed, add extra bits on 0 in front (to the left) of the base 2 number above, up to the required length, so that the first bit (the leftmost) will be 0, correctly representing a positive number.
  • 5. To get the negative integer number representation in signed binary one's complement, replace all 0 bits with 1s and all 1 bits with 0s (reversing the digits).
  • 6. To get the negative integer number, in signed binary two's complement representation, add 1 to the number above.

Example: convert the negative number -60 from the decimal system (base ten) to signed binary in two's complement:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number: |-60| = 60
  • 2. Divide repeatedly 60 by 2, keeping track of each remainder:
    • division = quotient + remainder
    • 60 ÷ 2 = 30 + 0
    • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number, by taking all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:
    60(10) = 11 1100(2)
  • 4. Bit length of base 2 representation number is 6, so the positive binary computer representation of a signed binary will take in this particular case 8 bits (the least power of 2 larger than 6) - add extra 0 digits in front of the base 2 number, up to the required length:
    60(10) = 0011 1100(2)
  • 5. To get the negative integer number representation in signed binary one's complement, replace all the 0 bits with 1s and all 1 bits with 0s (reversing the digits):
    !(0011 1100) = 1100 0011
  • 6. To get the negative integer number, signed binary in two's complement representation, add 1 to the number above:
    -60(10) = 1100 0011 + 1 = 1100 0100
  • Number -60(10), signed integer, converted from decimal system (base 10) to signed binary two's complement representation = 1100 0100