What are the steps to convert the signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation to an integer in decimal system (in base ten)?
1. Is this a positive or a negative number?
1111 1010 0011 0000 0010 1010 0111 1100 0000 0011 0110 0110 1010 1010 0001 1001 is the binary representation of a negative integer, on 64 bits (8 Bytes).
- In a signed binary in two's complement representation, the first bit (the leftmost) indicates the sign, 1 = negative, 0 = positive.
2. Get the binary representation in one's complement.
* Run this step only if the number is negative
- Note on binary subtraction rules:
- 11 - 1 = 10; 10 - 1 = 01; 1 - 0 = 1; 1 - 1 = 0.
Subtract 1 from the initial binary number.
1111 1010 0011 0000 0010 1010 0111 1100 0000 0011 0110 0110 1010 1010 0001 1001 - 1 = 1111 1010 0011 0000 0010 1010 0111 1100 0000 0011 0110 0110 1010 1010 0001 1000
3. Get the binary representation of the positive (unsigned) number.
* Run this step only if the number is negative
Flip all the bits of the signed binary in one's complement representation (reverse the digits) - replace the bits set on 1 with 0s and the bits on 0 with 1s:
!(1111 1010 0011 0000 0010 1010 0111 1100 0000 0011 0110 0110 1010 1010 0001 1000) = 0000 0101 1100 1111 1101 0101 1000 0011 1111 1100 1001 1001 0101 0101 1110 0111
4. Map the unsigned binary number's digits versus the corresponding powers of 2 that their place value represent:
263
0 262
0 261
0 260
0 259
0 258
1 257
0 256
1 255
1 254
1 253
0 252
0 251
1 250
1 249
1 248
1 247
1 246
1 245
0 244
1 243
0 242
1 241
0 240
1 239
1 238
0 237
0 236
0 235
0 234
0 233
1 232
1 231
1 230
1 229
1 228
1 227
1 226
1 225
0 224
0 223
1 222
0 221
0 220
1 219
1 218
0 217
0 216
1 215
0 214
1 213
0 212
1 211
0 210
1 29
0 28
1 27
1 26
1 25
1 24
0 23
0 22
1 21
1 20
1
5. Multiply each bit by its corresponding power of 2 and add all the terms up.
0000 0101 1100 1111 1101 0101 1000 0011 1111 1100 1001 1001 0101 0101 1110 0111(2) =
(0 × 263 + 0 × 262 + 0 × 261 + 0 × 260 + 0 × 259 + 1 × 258 + 0 × 257 + 1 × 256 + 1 × 255 + 1 × 254 + 0 × 253 + 0 × 252 + 1 × 251 + 1 × 250 + 1 × 249 + 1 × 248 + 1 × 247 + 1 × 246 + 0 × 245 + 1 × 244 + 0 × 243 + 1 × 242 + 0 × 241 + 1 × 240 + 1 × 239 + 0 × 238 + 0 × 237 + 0 × 236 + 0 × 235 + 0 × 234 + 1 × 233 + 1 × 232 + 1 × 231 + 1 × 230 + 1 × 229 + 1 × 228 + 1 × 227 + 1 × 226 + 0 × 225 + 0 × 224 + 1 × 223 + 0 × 222 + 0 × 221 + 1 × 220 + 1 × 219 + 0 × 218 + 0 × 217 + 1 × 216 + 0 × 215 + 1 × 214 + 0 × 213 + 1 × 212 + 0 × 211 + 1 × 210 + 0 × 29 + 1 × 28 + 1 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20)(10) =
(0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 288 230 376 151 711 744 + 0 + 72 057 594 037 927 936 + 36 028 797 018 963 968 + 18 014 398 509 481 984 + 0 + 0 + 2 251 799 813 685 248 + 1 125 899 906 842 624 + 562 949 953 421 312 + 281 474 976 710 656 + 140 737 488 355 328 + 70 368 744 177 664 + 0 + 17 592 186 044 416 + 0 + 4 398 046 511 104 + 0 + 1 099 511 627 776 + 549 755 813 888 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 8 589 934 592 + 4 294 967 296 + 2 147 483 648 + 1 073 741 824 + 536 870 912 + 268 435 456 + 134 217 728 + 67 108 864 + 0 + 0 + 8 388 608 + 0 + 0 + 1 048 576 + 524 288 + 0 + 0 + 65 536 + 0 + 16 384 + 0 + 4 096 + 0 + 1 024 + 0 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1)(10) =
(288 230 376 151 711 744 + 72 057 594 037 927 936 + 36 028 797 018 963 968 + 18 014 398 509 481 984 + 2 251 799 813 685 248 + 1 125 899 906 842 624 + 562 949 953 421 312 + 281 474 976 710 656 + 140 737 488 355 328 + 70 368 744 177 664 + 17 592 186 044 416 + 4 398 046 511 104 + 1 099 511 627 776 + 549 755 813 888 + 8 589 934 592 + 4 294 967 296 + 2 147 483 648 + 1 073 741 824 + 536 870 912 + 268 435 456 + 134 217 728 + 67 108 864 + 8 388 608 + 1 048 576 + 524 288 + 65 536 + 16 384 + 4 096 + 1 024 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 4 + 2 + 1)(10) =
418 788 053 224 084 967(10)
6. If needed, adjust the sign of the integer number by the first digit (leftmost) of the signed binary:
1111 1010 0011 0000 0010 1010 0111 1100 0000 0011 0110 0110 1010 1010 0001 1001(2) = -418 788 053 224 084 967(10)
The number 1111 1010 0011 0000 0010 1010 0111 1100 0000 0011 0110 0110 1010 1010 0001 1001(2), signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation, converted and written as an integer in decimal system (base ten):
1111 1010 0011 0000 0010 1010 0111 1100 0000 0011 0110 0110 1010 1010 0001 1001(2) = -418 788 053 224 084 967(10)
Spaces were used to group digits: for binary, by 4, for decimal, by 3.